Changes in hillslope hydrology in a perched,shallow soil system due to clearcutting and residual biomass removal     

Colin P. R. McCarter  Stephen D. Sebestyen  Susan L. Eggert  Randall K. Kolka  Carl P. J. Mitchell 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5354-5369

Sustainable fuels legislation and volatility in energy prices have put additional pressures on the forestry sector to intensify the harvesting of biomass for “advanced biofuel” production. To better understand how residual biomass removal after harvest affects forest hydrology in relatively low slope terrain, a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) study was conducted in the USDA Forest Service's Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, USA. Hydrological measurements were made from 2010–2013 on a forested hillslope that was divided into three treatment blocks, where one block was harvested and residual biomass removed (Biomass Removed), the second was harvested and residual biomass left (Biomass Left), and the last block was left as an Unharvested Control. The pre-harvest period (2 years) was 2010–11 and post-harvest (2 years) was 2012–13. Water table elevation at the upslope and downslope position, subsurface runoff, and soil moisture were measured between May–November. Mixed effect statistical models were used to compare both the before-after and “control” treatment ratios (ratios between harvested hillslopes and the Unharvested Control hillslope). Subsurface runoff significantly increased (p < .05) at both harvested hillslopes but to a greater degree on the Biomass Left hillslope. Greater subsurface runoff volumes at both harvested hillslopes were driven by substantial increases during fall, with additional significant increases during summer on the Biomass Left hillslope. The hydrological connectivity, inferred from event runoff ratios, increased due to harvesting at both hillslopes but only significantly on the Biomass Left hillslope. The winter harvest minimized soil disturbance, resulting in no change to the effective hydraulic conductivity distribution with depth. Thus, the observed hydrological changes were driven by increased effective precipitation and decreased evapotranspiration, increasing the duration that both harvested hillslopes were hydrologically active. The harvesting of residual biomass appears to lessen hydrological connectivity relative to leaving residual biomass on the hillslope, potentially decreasing downstream hydrological impacts of similar forestry operations.  相似文献   

基于VAP卫星的等离子体层顶电子密度波动统计分析          下载免费PDF全文

王玉尤婷  张效信  何飞  林瑞淋  吕景天 《地球物理学报》2020,63(6):2141-2148

基于范艾伦辐射带探测卫星的观测数据(2012年9月至2015年11月),收集了584个等离子体层顶密度波动事件,研究了这些事件分布随磁地方时、磁壳值以及地磁活动的变化关系,并使用快速傅里叶变换分析了全部事件平均功率谱.统计结果表明,等离子体层顶密度波动事件主要发生在磁地方时黄昏扇区,其分布与磁地方时和地磁活动具有明显的相关性.等离子体层顶密度波动在1～100mHz区间内具有接近-5/3的功率谱斜率,表明存在二维磁流体动力学湍流.本文统计结果将有助于进一步深入理解等离子体层顶密度波动在内磁层中能量传输的具体作用,并且将促进对等离子体层顶波动的激发、增强与传播过程的进一步研究.  相似文献   

Quantifying terrain controls on runoff retention and routing in the Northern Prairies     

Igor Pavlovskii  Saskia L. Noorduijn  Jessica E. Liggett  Jeanette Klassen  Masaki Hayashi 《水文研究》2020,34(2):473-484

The role of hummocky terrain in governing runoff routing and focussing groundwater recharge in the Northern Prairies of North America is widely recognised. However, most hydrological studies in the region have not effectively utilised information on the surficial geology and associated landforms in large-scale hydrological characterization. The present study uses an automated digital elevation model (DEM) analysis of a 6500-km² area in the Northern Prairies to quantify hydrologically relevant terrain parameters for the common types of terrains in the prairies with different surficial deposits widespread in the prairies, namely, moraines and glaciolacustrine deposits. Runoff retention (and storage) capacity within depressions varies greatly between different surficial deposits and is comparable in magnitude with a typical amount of seasonal snowmelt runoff generation. The terrain constraint on potential runoff retention varies from a few millimetres in areas classified as moraine to tens of millimetres in areas classified as stagnant ice moraine deposits. Fluted moraine and glaciolacustrine deposits have intermediate storage capacity values. The study also identified the probability density function describing a number of immediate upstream neighbours for each depression in a fill-and-spill network. A relationship between depression parameters and surficial deposits, as well as identified depression network structure, allows parametrisation of hydrologic models outside of the high-resolution DEM coverage, which can still account for terrain variation in the Prairies.  相似文献   

Relating the depth of the water table to the depth of weathering     

M.I. Lebedeva  S.L. Brantley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):2167-2178

Weathering of bedrock creates and occludes permeability, affecting subsurface water flow. Often, weathering intensifies above the water table. On the contrary, weathering can also commence below the water table. To explore relationships between weathering and the water table, a simplified weathering model for an eroding hillslope was formulated that takes into account both saturated and unsaturated subsurface water flow (but does not fully account for changes in dissolved gas chemistry). The phreatic line was calculated using solutions to mathematical treatments for both zones. In the model, the infiltration rate at the hill surface sets both the original and the eventual steady-state position of the water table with respect to the weathering reaction front. Depending on parameters, the weathering front can locate either above or below the water table at steady state. Erosion also affects the water table position by changing porosity and permeability even when other hydrological conditions (e.g. hydraulic conductivity of parent material, infiltration rate at the surface) do not change. The total porosity in a hill (water storage capacity) was found to increase with infiltration rate (all else held constant). This effect was diminished by increasing the erosion rate. We also show examples of how the infiltration rate affects the position of the water table and how infiltration rate affects weathering advance. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA  相似文献   

二次曲面与最小二乘配置的组合模型在GPS高程异常拟合中的应用     

吕建伟  张志华  张新秀  刘祖昱 《测绘通报》2020,(5):127

在工程实践应用中，为了有效利用GPS高程数据，减少对传统水准测量的依赖，提高GPS高程异常的拟合精度便显得十分重要。为此，本文在介绍二次曲面拟合和最小二乘配置拟合基本原理分析、算法过程推导的基础上，提出了一种新的高程异常拟合方法。首先在二次曲面拟合的基础上，计算得到原始观测数据与拟合数据之间的残差序列，然后采用最小二乘配置模型对包括二次曲面拟合模型误差的综合误差进行优化减弱，最后得到新的高程异常。通过实例，将二次曲面拟合法，最小二乘配置法与文中提出的新方法进行比较分析。结果表明：新的组合方法的拟合预测精度要明显优于最小二乘配置及二次曲面拟合。  相似文献   

Transient and Transition Factors in Modeling Permafrost Thaw and Groundwater Flow     

Joelle E. Langford  Robert A. Schincariol  Ranjeet M. Nagare  William L. Quinton  Aaron A. Mohammed 《Ground water》2020,58(2):258-268

Permafrost covers approximately 24% of the Northern Hemisphere, and much of it is degrading, which causes infrastructure failures and ecosystem transitions. Understanding groundwater and heat flow processes in permafrost environments is challenging due to spatially and temporarily varying hydraulic connections between water above and below the near-surface discontinuous frozen zone. To characterize the transitional period of permafrost degradation, a three-dimensional model of a permafrost plateau that includes the supra-permafrost zone and surrounding wetlands was developed. The model is based on the Scotty Creek basin in the Northwest Territories, Canada. FEFLOW groundwater flow and heat transport modeling software is used in conjunction with the piFreeze plug-in, to account for phase changes between ice and water. The Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) flow model is used to calculate ground temperatures and surface water balance, which are then used as FEFLOW boundary conditions. As simulating actual permafrost evolution would require hundreds of years of climate variations over an evolving landscape, whose geomorphic features are unknown, methodologies for developing permafrost initial conditions for transient simulations were investigated. It was found that a model initialized with a transient spin-up methodology, that includes an unfrozen layer between the permafrost table and ground surface, yields better results than with steady-state permafrost initial conditions. This study also demonstrates the critical role that variations in land surface and permafrost table microtopography, along with talik development, play in permafrost degradation. Modeling permafrost dynamics will allow for the testing of remedial measures to stabilize permafrost in high value infrastructure environments.  相似文献   

Response of A Gravel - Bed River To Dam Closure: Insights From Sediment Transport Processes And Channel Morphodynamics     

A. Brenna  N. Surian  L. Mao 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(3):756-770

This work deals with the impacts of dams on large gravel -bed rivers in terms of altering coarse transport regimes and the relationship with river morphodynamics. Using data collected by a tracer -based monitoring programme carried out in a 4 -km -long study sector of the Parma River (Italy), located downstream from a relatively recently established dam, we applied a virtual velocity approach to estimate the coarse bed material load at four river cross -sections. Monitoring and calculation results provided new insights into the impacts of the dam on streambed material mobility and the sediment regime over the 17 -month calculation period. A longitudinal gradient of effects was observed along the study sector. Sections located closer to the dam are characterized by more evident impacts due to deficits in coarse sediment input from upstream. Sediment mobility here is strongly altered, especially in the highly armoured main channel, and the overall bed material load is extremely low. A partial recovery of sediment dynamics was observed at the sections located further from the dam, where estimates indicate higher sediment yield. The observed longitudinal trend in the coarse sediment transport regime matches the morphology, as the river shifts downstream from a sinuous configuration with alternate bars to a wandering one. The novel insights into alteration of coarse sediment dynamics and the relationship with river morphodynamics are potentially applicable to many other fluvial contexts affected by similar impoundments. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

小尺度网格层析速度建模方法在低幅构造区时深转换中的应用     

吕振宇  魏鹏 《地球物理学进展》2020,(1):339-344

渤海M油田区浅层多发育低幅构造,低幅构造区的地震数据对常规层析成像不够敏感,导致常规速度反演方法很难保证低幅构造速度建模的准确性,从而给时深转换工作带来较大误差.本文提出一种小尺度网格层析速度建模方法,该方法基于低幅构造的薄层信息,在有薄层信息的地层加密网格分布,从而实现根据地质条件划分网格的策略,进而通过解析矩阵方程实现速度模型的迭代更新.通过实际数据应用证明,对于渤海M油田利用本文提出的高精度网格层析速度建模方法是有效可行的,该方法能够有效提高低幅构造区速度建模的精度,利用该方法得到的速度模型能够大幅提高时深转换的精度,从而指导构造解释及成图工作.  相似文献   

The Ni–Antimonide Mineral Assemblage: A Product of Recrystallization of Sn–Pb–Zn Ores of the Yuzhnoe Deposit,Sikhote-Alin,Russia     

Ratkin  V. V.  Simanenko  L. F.  Gonevchuk  V. G.  Eliseeva  O. A. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2020,492(1):317-319

Doklady Earth Sciences - A mineral assemblage with nisbite NiSb2 and breithauptite NiSb unique for a Mesozoic (Sn)–Pb–Zn vein deposit is found during mineralogical–geochemical...  相似文献   

Organized Roll Circulation and Transport of Mineral Aerosols in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer     

Vazaeva  N. V.  Chkhetiani  O. G.  Maksimenkov  L. O. 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2019,55(2):152-166

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - An investigation into mesoscale roll circulation and its transport characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is carried out. The case...  相似文献